Essay about The Imagery of Fire in Virgil’s Aeneid

The Imagery of Fire in Virgil’s Aeneid In discussing fire imagery in the Aeneid I will attempt in the course of this paper to bring in an analytic device to aid in assembling the wide array of symbols into a more uniform set of meaning. Consistently throughout the Aeneid, fire serves to provoke the characters to action. Action which otherwise it is not clear they would enter upon. Fire clears the way for the juggernaut plot to advance. Juno, first of all, described as burning - pondering (with her hatred of the Dardans) goes to Aeolus with the idea of sending the winds to create an under-handed storm to destroy the Trojans, at the sight of their fleeing ships and successful escape from the Greeks (I.75)1. Fire from the Greeks burns down†¦show more content†¦The central characters are all described principally in terms of their incendiary capacity. Dido burns, and burns, and burns, and burns. The plan of Venus (and of Juno as well) is to inflame the queen to madness (I.920). Later: The words of Ana feed the fire i n Dido, hope burned away her doubt and destroyed her shame, (IV.75). And unhappy Dido burns (IV.90), Whirled around in fire by the furies (IV.514). Dido, broken by fate can only call for an avenger [to] rise up from my bones, one who will track with fire brand and sword the Dardan settlers, (IV.863). Turnus after the visit by Allecto burns with a continuous rage which compels him unalterably to murderous action. Aeneas does not burn, not so much, but instead is confronted with fire -destructive fire he must run through and away from. Ever endangered by fire it seems to surround him throughout the work. Fire threatens to cut off his escape, as when his ships at the beach in Italy only divinely escape destruction, fire is also evoked to draw him forward. A clear example of this is the arrow that Acestes launches in a futile gesture that bursts into flames and disappears, regarded by all as an unmistakable sign to continue (V.690). Aeneas even has dreams of fire in book IV he rests and sleeps after completing preparations to leave Carthage, but dreams something, resemblingShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Fire in Romantic and Family Love on Reading the Aeneid1224 Words   |  5 PagesThere are two integral pieces of love in Virgils epic Aeneid: the romantic, lustful love (as felt by Dido for Aeneas) and the grounded, honest, family love (as felt between Aeneas and Anchises). There is a dynamic relationship between the two sides of love which causes each to emphasize the other Ââ€" an emphasis that is facilitated by Virgils common use of fire and flame imagery to describe both types of love. Upon analyzing the lustful episode between Dido and Aeneas and the imageRead MoreEssay on Dantes Inferno and Classical Mythology1823 Words   |  8 Pagesplace in Virgil’s Aeneid, Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Some of the most important references, however, are the most obvious ones that are easily overlooked simply because of the fact that they are so blatant. Dante is being escorted through Hell by the poet Virgil, and this is Dante’s first homage to Greco-Roman mythology. The second reference is the actual descent into the underworld. This reference is pulled directly from Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid and DanteRead MoreDantes Beasts2989 Words   |  12 Pagesthe next monster Dante encounters is also associated with thefigure of Satan due to his description of il gran nemico, as herepresents greed which was seen as the source of all ills (2).   Hisrepresentation of greed and avarice is stre ngthened by Virgils rebuketo him,   Taci, maladetto lupo! (3)  As this associates Plutus with the She-wolf from Canto I who is correlated with one of the triple divisions of Hell, the sins of the disordered appetite, and this inherent connection with greed is markedRead MoreThe Textual Relationship Between Virgil And Lucretius2063 Words   |  9 Pagesspecifically passage 1.474: â€Å"ignis Alexandri Phrygio sub pectore gliscens clara accendisset saevi certamina belli†. Although Virgil could have had this passage in mind, there is another use in Lucretius which can bring new context and understanding to Virgil’s use of gliscit. Scholars before have noted the relationship between Aen. 12.9 and DRN 4.1069; however, it has not been analyzed why Virgil might be invoking this specific passage. This paper proposes that Virgil uses gliscit to describe Turnus’Read MoreShot Through The Heart : Passage1285 Words   |  6 Pageswith just,impartial eyes. There’s no faith left on earth! He was washed up on my shores,helpless,and I, I took him in,like a maniac let him share my kingdom, salvaged his lost fleet,plucked his crews from death. Oh I am swept by the Furies,gales of fire! Now it’s Apollo the prophet,Apollo’s Lycian oracles: they’re his masters now,and now,to top it off, the messenger of the gods,dispatched by Jove himself, comes rushing down the winds with his grim-set commands. Really!What work for the gods who liveRead MoreElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 Pagesperhaps more remarkable than his powers of execution. Some of the stiffness which is inevitable in new methods of poetic exposition is apparent in his phraseology and versification. But his sense of stately rhythm, and his fertile command of poetic imagery, went far beyond the range of any preceding sixteenth century poet in England. From the historical point of view Sackvilles second literary endeavor is perhaps more notable than his first. With another lawyer, Thomas Norton (1532-84)

Hear Her Roar the Feminist Strengths in Phenomenal Woman...

Hear Her Roar: The Feminist Strengths in Phenomenal Woman and Still I Rise Trista James English Composition 1102 Professor Cameron Indian River State College April 10, 2013 Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Abstract Growing up during times of common race and gender discrimination, Maya Angelou has proven to people she is a strong African American woman who would not allow inequality of any kind bring her down. This paper describes the feminist strengths Angelou refers to and implies in her two famous poems Phenomenal Woman and Still I Rise. Hear Her Roar: The Feminist Strengths in Phenomenal Woman and Still I†¦show more content†¦She tells the reader that she will overcome anything. In this poem she also proves to be a strong independent women by displaying her self-confidence by writing, â€Å"Does my sexiness upset you?† or â€Å"Does my sassiness upset you?† She lets males know sensuality and sexiness is okay, which as a result, demands respect from them. In addition, she is also telling the reader that she knows she is sexy which shows self-confidence. In this poem, Angelou attempted to show that through all of her trials and tribulations she had gone through in her younger years she is now a strong woman who is capable of overcoming the inner demons that haunts her memory. Another way Angelou proves to be a strong woman in this poem is when she says, â€Å"You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness, but still, like air, I’ll rise.† She is telling the reader no matter what negativity or obstacles brought to her, she will conquer it and still come out above. â€Å"Did you want to see me broken?† This verse proves to the reader that she will not break or lower her values and standards to whoever she is speaking to. â€Å"Her poetry is not â€Å"serious†; rather, it is, as she herself puts it in the title poem Still I Rise (Sylvestor 1995). To conclude, Maya Angelou defines the ultimate example of what a woman with powerful leadership and

Brand Loyalty vs Generic Brands Free Essays

Brand Loyalty: Brand Names vs. Generic Brands Why do we as, customers and consumers chose to stay loyal to specific brands? Are you guilty of being loyal to one brand and not attempt to try other brand names and/or generic brands? I am. There are so many different products, materials, strategies, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Loyalty vs Generic Brands or any similar topic only for you Order Now that companies compete with each other to try to get us (the consumers) to be loyal to that brand. Example: Coke vs. Pepsi; ATT vs. Sprint. There are also, people that wonder are their big differences in products when it’s a brand name vs. eneric brand. Upon my research I hope to answer these questions that we all have, a time or two, have wondered about? Definition The extent of the faithfulness of consumers to a particular brand, expressed through their repeat purchases, irrespective of the marketing pressure generated by the competing brands. (www. businessdictionary. com) Brand Loyalty ranges from foods, clothing, cars, places, electronics, etc. How they get us to stay loyal There are many reasons why we stay true to the brands we’ve developed to familiar ourselves with such as: knowing the quality in the product, don’t trust other brands or don’t care to try it, costs, availability, and /or easier resources, such as internet, the reputation of the brand by word of mouth and society standards. Companies are always developing newer and better ways to outdo their products, and old products and the products of their competitors. Brand Name vs. Generic Brand People have also stayed loyal when it comes to comparing the same products, but the difference is one is a brand name and the other is a generic. Such as, Tylenol vs. generic store name such as equate (wal-mart store brand). There is a difference in price? The generic (store brand) is always less in cost but is the product the same? Yes, the generic store brand of Tylenol is the same as the brand name Tylenol, the dosage, effects, risks, safety and strengths are the same, except for the price the store brand is cheaper and that’s because the manufacturer has not had the expenses of making and selling a new drug. Interviews on brand name loyalist: I have interviewed the following people to compare their loyalty to a brand and why? Questions asked: Friend: 1. Q: What brand are you loyal to? And Why? A: Sony, the picture, sound and quality of the different products. Nike, the comfortability of the shoes, larger range of styles, the different professional athletes under that name; meaning that they’re producing more of the products that allows the cost to lower, making it more affordable. Lexus, the quality, the appearance, the non-depreciate value it has compared to other brands and the reputation of the name? 2. Q: How long have you been loyal to the brand? A: Sony, 1995 is when I purchased my first Sony product; Nike, 1984 in High School, I bought a new pair of sneakers; Lexus, 2010. I bought my first Lexus, and currently I’m driving my second Lexus. 3. Q: Have you tired other similar/competitors brands? And what was your outcome? A: Yes. a. before my Sony, I owned a Zenith, RCA, and Magnovox and none of them have compared to the quality of Sony. Sony’s bottom of the line product is better than the Vizio’s top of the line products. All the electronics currently in my house is all Sony. b. I had Adidas sneakers in the past but the quality doesn’t compare to Nike. How to cite Brand Loyalty vs Generic Brands, Essay examples

The Jazz Age Essay Example For Students

The Jazz Age Essay The Jazz music of the Big Band Era was the peak of over thirty years of musical development. Jazz was so innovative and different that it could literally sweep the world, changing the musical styles of nearly every country. Big band Jazz that makes the feet tap and the heart race with excitement that it is recognized with nearly every type of music. The musical and cultural revolution that brought about Jazz was a direct result of African-Americans pursuing careers in the arts following the United States civil war. As slaves African-Americans has learned few European cultural traditions. With more freedom to pursue careers in the arts and bringing African artistic traditions to their work, African-Americans changed music and dance, not only in the U.S., but all over the world. For after the war, African American dancers and musicians created work that was not similar by hundreds of years of musical and dance traditions brought from the peasant villages of Europe. The music of Europe had a more base structure. European music through the nineteenth century was melodically based, with a square or waltz rhythmic structure. Differently, much African music has an organization which is based around rhythm and accent, rhythms and accents that may actually shift and move in relation to each other as the music progresses. The big change that took place in music rhythmically was the shift away from the rhythmic structure. African musical tradition tends to count towards the accented beat so that an African may count 2 on the same beat a European would count 1. It is typical of West African music to have rhythms of different lengths overlapping each other, creating shifting accents, sort of like a mix. Which is to say that by the late 1920s African-American Jazz music had developed a tradition where musicians put a strong rhythmic accent on 2 and 4 and melodic accents anywhere BUT on 1.The first popular musical trend in the United States produced by this African-European c ombination was Ragtime, which first achieved popularity in the late 19th century. Ragtime musicians often used what are called ragged rhythms. Ragged rhythms were African-influenced rhythms, shortened so that the accent was off the beat, instead of in rhythm with the beat. Ragtime musicians also occasionally used what were called blue harmonies and notes. Blue harmonies and notes used notes that didnt fit into the European concept of melody or harmony. Some of the notes dont even exist in European musical scales, so they were not recognized easily. The New Orleans bands of the late 19th century from which Big Bands evolved were varied. Some were social bands that played popular songs and music for dancing, some played marches and rags for weekend picnics and parties. Others specialized in their own variations on work and blues songs. Big Band Jazz had its start in New Orleans in 1898 at the end of the Spanish-American war. Military bands returned to the port to flood the city with u sed band instruments. And African-Americans interested in music quickly bought up hundreds of these instruments and began to form bands. Starting from square one, enthusiastic African American musicians taught themselves to play. This had two results: unconventional playing techniques and unconventional rendering of popular musical tunes. The playing techniques led to new and interesting sounds entering musicians vocabulary: trumpet and trombone growling sounds, wah-wah sounds, the use of odd household objects as mutes, and others. The unconventional rendering of popular musical tunes led to Jazz. An African-American playing a popular tune would play it adding some African musical traditions, different musical scales and different and complex rhythms. These early Jazz bands played music that was, to put it mildly, loosely structured. A soloist or an instrumental section of the band played the melody and the remaining musicians improvised the harmony and rhythmic embellishments. Many Jazz bands arranged their music by rehearsing it by ear many times until all the musicians were in agreement about what went where, when. These Jazz bands often changed personnel, sometimes on a weekly basis. This frequent changin g also helped the evolution of Jazz, preventing bands from becoming hidebound and determined to have a particular style or sound. On into the 1930s change was the watchword of Jazz. The first Jazz record Livery Stable Blues, coupled with Dixie Jass Band One Step was made in 1917 by a White band from New Orleans called The Original Dixieland Jazz Band. The band was one of the first to bring the New Orleans style of Jazz to New York. After a music agent heard them in Chicago and brought them to New York, where, within weeks, they were a sensation. Soon after their first record Victor records signed them for several more. The music recorded by the band was nearly conventional with no blue notes and only a smattering of ragged rhythms. Even so, the record sold over one million copies and had a profound effect on musicians and the public all over the U.S. As Jazz got popular, many New Orleans-based bands began spreading out across the country, playing in Chicago, New York City, Los Angel es, San Francisco, or hitting the smaller towns. The first Jazz record by an African Americans, was by Kid Orys band recording under the name of Spikes Seven Pods of Pepper Orchestra. The songs Orys Creole Trombone and Society Blues where recorded in Los Angeles in 1922. After 1923 the flood gates were open and African American Jazz became widely recorded. Early stars included other New Orleans musicians like King Oliver and Jelly Roll Morton, a Creole musician who, in the early 1920s, recorded over a hundred of his own and others Jazz tunes. Some of the records are solo piano, but many are of Jelly Roll with his band the Red Hot Peppers. These early releases were great hits and record companies began recording nearly anyone who even claimed to be a Jazz musician. With records coming out by the hundreds, thousands of young people across the U.S. decided they wanted to be Jazz musicians. The Jazz music boom had begun. But the enthusiasm for Jazz was not shared by everyone. Many in Wh ite middle America were concerned, and magazine and newspaper articles decrying the influence of African American music on society and the scandalous behavior, including dancing, it supposedly led to were not uncommon. Jazz had arrived and it had made an introduction. .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e , .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .postImageUrl , .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e , .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e:hover , .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e:visited , .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e:active { border:0!important; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e:active , .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69293604602224fb3127dbbe85685d2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Colombia newsleter EssayAs a decade of rebellion, the Roaring 20s was made for Jazz. The young and the hip delighted in anything that was new and exciting. The more staid and uptight members of society thought Jazz decadent and a moral which gave Jazz, for some, extra appeal. But the exciting new rhythms and harmonies was the huge force behind societys acceptance of Jazz. The first bandleader to achieve national recognition was Fletcher Henderson who formed a band in the early 1920s. Originally his band was a dance band, playing waltzes and foxtrots. Over the course of a few years Jazz rhythms and blue notes became more prominent in the bands music. By the time the band to ok over at Roseland Ballroom and featured Louis Armstrong on trumpet, the band had become a Jazz band. Duke Ellington, a formally trained musician, also formed his band in the 1920s, again as a dance band. The arrival of an innovative trumpeter named Bubber Miley and a talented saxophonist named Sidney Bechet exerted a profound influence on the Ellingtons work, gradually helping to change the band into a remarkably creative Jazz big band. In 1935 that Jazz with a Swing beat achieved national attention and then in large part to Benny Goodman. As a youth Goodman was an extremely talented clarinetist. He studied with a respected Jazz clarinetist in Chicago, leaving Chicago in 1928 for NYC where he was successful as a sideman. However, he didnt form his own band until a few years later when he got a recording contract thanks to the great Jazz impresario John Hammond. Soon after that he bought some scores from Fletcher Henderson, some of them arranged by Henderson himself. Despite Hender sons fine arrangements, his band hadnt been doing well. Goodman, at the urging of John Hammond, hired Fletcher. The same arrangements which brought Hendersons band lukewarm interest proved to be dynamite for the Goodman band. For the next several years Henderson arranged tunes for Goodman band in a Jazz/Swing style. Hendersons arrangements are credited with helping sweep the Goodman band to national popularity the following year at the finish of an apparently unsuccessful cross-country tour in California. As it turned out, the radio broadcasts of the tour were scheduled too late for people in the east and midwest. On the west coast, however, the broadcasts gained a devoted audience who, surprising the band, swarmed its final concerts. And it was with Benny Goodman that the Swing big band boom began, and our narrative on Jazz draws to a close. After Goodmans dramatic success ignited the Big Band craze, excellent musicians who had been working as sidemen for other bands found encourag ement to start their own bands. Bands led by the Dorseys, Glenn Miller, Bunny Berrigan, Lionel Hampton, Harry James, and Gene Krupa sprang into being.With big band Swing music in full bloom, it was only logical that jitterbug dancing should also rocket to national popularity, which it did. Jazz music had an amazing affect on the Roaring Twenties. It tells many stories of sadness, experience and most of all, life.

Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Essay Example

Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Paper Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Objective: To construct a coffee cup calorimeter, measure its calorimeter constant, and determine the enthalpy of decomposition and formation of hydrogen peroxide. Background: This experiment is a classic thermodynamics lab. In it, we attempt to measure the enthalpy (? H) of a chemical reaction. The main obstacle is that this is a quantity that cannot be measured directly. It instead is observed as heat from one substance is transferred to another while being monitored with a thermometer. A temperature change in a known substance (such as water) can be related to a certain amount of heat (q). q ? ? mass ? ?T f ? Ti ? ? Specific heat ? Our calorimeter is going to be a set of Styrofoam coffee cups. These cups are well known insulators, and they should keep most heat inside themselves. They are not perfect, however, and they will absorb some of the heat from the process, so we need to determine the calorimeter constant. For any process, the first law of thermodynamics must be followed. ?E ? 0 ? qsystem ? surroundings However, if the calorimeter itself is going to absorb some energy, it must be accounted for as well. ?E ? 0 ? qsystem ? qsurroundings ? qcalorimeter In the first portion of our experiment, a known mass of water with a known temperature will be used to determine how much energy is being absorbed by the calorimeter. Once this is known, the change in enthalpy from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be determined. 2H2O2(aq) ? 2H2O(l) + O2(g) A solution o f hydrogen peroxide will be added to the calorimeter and its temperature will be monitored for a short time. We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A small amount of iron nitrate will be added to catalyze the reaction and produce a measureable temperature change. This temperature change will be plotted over time. Using this plot, the mass of solution, its specific heat, the calorimeter constant, and the temperature change, we will be able to determine the enthalpy for the reaction. Procedure Week One – Determination of the calorimeter constant Objective – To measure the amount of energy absorbed by the calorimeter while observing a change in temperature. 1. Using a top loading balance, determine the mass of Styrofoam cup and a stir bar. . Place about 100mL of warm deionized water in the cup. Monitor its temperature for 3-4 minutes. Record the temperature every minute. 3. Using a top loading balance, determine the mass of a second Styrofoam cup and a stir bar. 4. Place about 100mL of room temperature water in the cup. Monitor its temperature for 34 minutes. Record the temperature every minute. 5. When the temperatur e of the warm water is about 20? C above the room temperature water, quickly pour it into the room temperature water. Continue monitoring the temperature and recording it every minute. . After several minutes, when the temperature is no longer changing quickly, record the mass of the combined water. 7. Repeat this procedure at least one more time. Week One – Preparation of a standard potassium permanganate solution Objective: To prepare a potassium permanganate solution with a known concentration. This will be used in a second week to standardize a hydrogen peroxide solution. 1. Obtain enough potassium permanganate to make 250. 0mL of a 0. 02M solution. NOTE: Use the analytical balance for this operation. It is NOT necessary to get exactly the amount you calculated. It is only important to be close to this amount, and to record the amount you took accurately. 2. Dissolve this in a small amount of water before diluting it to a final volume of 250. 0mL in a volumetric flask. 3. Transfer this to a clean dry bottle, and store it for use next week. Week Two – Determination of the Concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Objective: Determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and use this result to know how many moles are being decomposed. 1. Pipet 2. 0mL of hydrogen peroxide into a small Erlenmeyer flask. Add about 10mL of 4. 0M H2SO4 and 50mL of deionized water. 2. Rinse and fill a buret with the potassium permanganate solution that was prepared last week. 3. Start to titrate the solution. It should stay clear until the end point is reached. The endpoint is the lightest permanent pink color that persists. 4. Repeat so that you have three precise trials. 5. Calculate the concentratio n of the hydrogen peroxide solution. The balanced chemical equation is written below. 2MnO4-(aq) + 5H2O2(aq) + 6H+(aq) ? Mn2+(aq) + 5O2(g) + 8H2O(l) Week Two – Enthalpy of Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Objective: Use the calorimeter from last week to determine the enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. 1. Add 50. 0mL of hydrogen peroxide to the tared Styrofoam cup using a graduated cylinder. 2. Obtain 10. 0mL of 0. 5M iron(III)nitrate in a graduated cylinder. 3. Start recording the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide solution. At the five minute mark, quickly add the iron nitrate, but do not record the temperature. 4. At the six minute mark start recording temperatures again until you reach the 12 minute mark. . Dump out the solution, and repeat if time permits. Calorimeter Constant Calculations It is very straightforward to determine the energy that is gained or lost when a known mass of water is heated or cooled. ?E ? 0 ? qsystem ? qsurroundings ? qcalorimete r From the data above, you will need to plot the temperature of the room temperature water and extrapolate that line out a bit. That will be its initial temperature (T1). Extrapolate through the points after mixing, and this will be its final temperature (T2). From this the heat gained by the room temperature water can be calculated. qroom ? mass T2 ? T1 Cwater ? This is repeated for the warm water. Extrapolate the warm water’s temperature through the time when it is mixed. This is will be its initial temperature (T3). Extrapolate through the points after mixing and this will be its final temperature (T2). From this the heat lost by the warm water can be calculated. qwarm ? ? mass T3 ? T2 Cwater ? The Calorimeter constant will be the difference between these two. Whatever energy lost by the warm water should have been gained by the room temperature water, except for what was gained by the cup. qroom ? qwarm ? qcup ? T2 ? T1 ? ? Ccup ? A sample for the plot is below. The v ertical line is the time when the two water samples were mixed. Mixing Curve for Water 42 37 T3 Temp (C) Room Temp Water 32 27 T1 22 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 8 10 12 T2 Warm Water Calculations for the Enthalpy of Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide The solution here is mostly water, and it is assumed to have a specific heat of 4. 184 J/g? C. There are two things that would absorb the energy lost by hydrogen peroxide: the solution, and the cup. ? qH 2O2 ? qsolution ? qcup The ‘q’ of the solution is calculated in a way similar to that of water. The time and temperature information will have to be plotted. The only thing that is different here, is that the temperature of just one thing is being recorded. There will only be two temperatures, T1 and T2. qsolution ? ? mass T2 ? T1 ? 4. 184 J ? g ? C ? qcup ? ? Ccup ? ?T2 ? T1 ? Here Ccup was determined last week. To determine the ? H in terms of joules per mole, one will have to divide the energy by the number of moles in the solution. moles ? M H ? 2 O2 ? ? Volume ? H 2O2 Report Information taken from this lab included the following. Week One ? Mass of room temperature water ? Mass of cup(s) and stirring bar(s) ? Mass of warm water ? Mass of combined water ? Initial temperatures for water ? Post mixing temperatures for water ? Time ? Mass of potassium permanganate ? Volume of potassium permanganate solution Week Two ? Volume of hydrogen peroxide solution titrated. ? Volume of potassium permanganate used. ? Mass of cup and stirring bar. ? Mass of hydrogen peroxide ? Mass of mixed peroxide and iron ? Temperature prior to mixing. ? Temperature after mixing. ? Time From this, one will need to calculate: ? ? ? ? The concentration of potassium permanganate The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (averaged) The calorimeter constant (averaged) The enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (averaged) In a 1 – 2 page typed report please give the following: ? ? ? A brief 2-3 sentence abstract describing the experiment and the final result. Work detailing how quantities were determined. A brief one paragraph discussion dealing with the comparison of the result to the literature value of (-94. 6 kJ/mole). What specific sources of error might account for a difference between your result and the literature value.

Food types in Lebanon Essays

Food types in Lebanon Essays Food types in Lebanon Essay Food types in Lebanon Essay Good food is like music you can taste, color you can smell. There is excellence all around you. You need only to be aware to stop and savor it. Eating is something people do when theyre bored, hungry, tired, and pretty much always. But why dont we get tired of always eating the exact same thing? Each country has its own cuisine, each cuisine made up of many different types of food, allowing us to have hundreds and thousands of different and delicious food to eat. American cuisine is mostly made of meat-based and fast food. Known for their Juicy burgers, New York style pizza, barbeque steaks, fried chicken, and apple pie topped with whipped cream, Americans have the unhealthiest and most fattening cuisine in the world, which explains why most Americans are obese. But other than being unhealthy, American food is loved by many people all around the world. Theyre bland and typically full of fat and sugar, which makes them taste good. Stick a straw into a root beer or bite into a double cheeseburger and suddenly for a brief second you could be in a bar in California. American food is like an escape from the healthy and well-balanced Lebanese food we always consume. Long ago, Chinese food was merely egg rolls and noodles, nothing fancy to be even considered as a cuisine, but over the years, ideas of what Chinese food really had expanded. The dishes range from chunks of peppery chicken to sweet and sour shrimps with fried vegetables. Not to forget the success of Chinese noodles, from large egg noodles to thin angel noodles. The Chinese cuisine spread from country to country, until it became a globally known and loved food. : The diversity in their dishes and the different tastes are both reasons why Lebanese love them so much. Thankfully for us, Chinese restaurants can be found almost in any region in Lebanon. Such a creative and delicious cuisine cannot be found in any other culture. The smell of fresh basil, the taste of Margherita pizzas, the soft silky texture of freshly cooked pasta: Italians really have a way of making food sound fancy and delicious. Theyre known for their use of fresh ingredients and many different kinds of herbs. Italians dont have a set of rules to abide by, they add whatever feels right and improvise, and usually end up with creative and different dishes. This resulted to all the diversities in their food. For example, there are many different types of pizzas, ranging from vegetarian and Hawaiian ones to pepperoni and meatball and chicken ones. They are also known for their ice cream, known there as Gelato, which has many delicious and complex flavors, such as cinnamon vanilla and nutty caramel. Food types in Lebanon By talyneee

Political Philosophy, Values, and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Philosophy, Values, and Ethics - Essay Example Critics of the article, Bekemeier & Butterfield (2005), came up with their own publication for and against some of the views of ANA’s article.. I agree with the authors that the nursing practice should be politicized in order to prevent health care from fully developing into a market-based endeavor. The health of a community is the key to its progression, and as the authors find, nurses are more connected to community than people could ever imagine. Therefore, if we take this topic into consideration, we do not only stand to save the community for poor health statues, but also support their progression and also the development of health care and nursing practice. Kindly go through my paper to see the importance of this. Yours Truly, Name Political Philosophy, Values and Ethics According to Bekemeier & Butterfield (2005), the American Nurses Association (ANA) documents â€Å"Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, Nursing's Social Policy Statement and Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice† offer a vague, inconsistent and shallow conceptualization of social justice. The authors also argue that the documents do not present a sufficient framework for nurses to tackle underlying issues, which affect health outcomes. In spite of extensive references to the significant role of nursing in social reform, the American Nurses Association’s documents unreservedly reinforce nursing practice directed to the individual nurse-patient affiliation and offer short shrift to treatment models, which endorse wide systems change aimed at improving health (Allen, 1987). According to Bekemeier & Butterfield (2005), apolitical nursing commands are incongruent with the structure in which nurses practice these days. The author think that people should refer to it as caring when they provide emotional and technical support to patients who are afterwards discharged to face dispossession in the wider civilization. In accepting the political nature of n ursing practice and notion, nurses have a chance to challenge the belief of neutral caring (Allen, 1987). Nurses make each and every act a political act as they practice in communities, with their patients, as well as among normal citizens. Nursing actions derived from an institutionalized replica of powerful traditional, sales-driven paradigms and objectivities from multifaceted problems should be political (Bekemeier & Butterfield, 2005). Available, as well as consistent language, in the United States’ nursing documents and anywhere else can, nevertheless, validate socially just actions, which create new opportunities and meaning for nurses, supporting nursing leadership in acting on fundamental matters that affect people's health. Nursing guidance and standards in any country should center on illuminating roles for nurses to successfully challenge political structures that oppress. Accepting a critical paradigm allows nurses us to see how knowledge and their privileged pos itions as witnesses can be utilized for social change. This can expand also roles for nurses to legally take part in political activism in their professional lives and practice settings. Bekemeier & Butterfield (2005) acknowledge that racial fairness, worldwide peace, reproductive freedom, as well as

Safe Medication Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Safe Medication Administration - Essay Example My practicum project is about Safe Medication Administration. As a nurse educator, I have the strong will to bring a change in pharmacological field, which I believe has started to become a global problem. I believe that for there to be a change it must start at an individual level. Therefore, my engagement in this field is to bring a significant change towards achieving safe medication administration by starting at the primary level, and that is nursing students. This improvement will positively affect my practicum site, Butler Tech, and will further improve the situation for other organizations where the nurses I will be teaching will be posted. For this project, I will be involved in teaching nursing students how to pass medication effectively and how to ensure a safe medication administration and use. I will actively use modern technology such as simulation medication carts in the lab sessions to teach students how to pass medication effectively. The set-up of the teaching enviro nment that I will be working in will involve the use of medication carts, which I will label, a medication record that will consist of counterfeit medicine, and some simulation dummies. Goal statement: As a nurse educator, my practicum experience goal is to contribute positively to the nursing field by using core competencies I have gained during my nurse educator program in helping nursing students understand the importance of safety in drug administration. At the end of the Practicum Experience, I will be able to.... Literature review Over time, there have been concerns in the nursing field on the various incidents of unsafe medicine administration. A study by Hughes and Blegen (2007) indicated that errors related to administration of medicine are becoming a principal concern among the causes of mortality and morbidity. In 2007, alone the death rate stood at 7,000. This concern led to the Institute of Medicine to come up with a report dubbed â€Å"Preventing Medication Errors† (Hughes & Blegen, 2007). The report emphasized on the need to practice safe medication administration. Years later, the problem still exists, and there although many measures have been put in place, there are still cases of unsafe drug administration in chemist, hospitals, and pharmacies (The National Patient Safety Agency, 2010). It is for this reason that I have gained a lot of interest in the field of pharmacology. The process of medicine administration is continuously becoming complex because of the continuous pr oduction and discovery of new drugs in the market. The number of prescribed medicine per patients is also playing a significant role in this trend (Garrett & Craig, 2008). Another important factor that is playing a key role in the medication field is the rapid change in medical technology and the several procedures and policies that have come up (National Patient Safety Agency, 2009a). Over the years, as I have progressed with my career I have come to discover that pharmacology, either as a course or part of a course for a nursing education is a particularly valuable element for any health care practitioner (Chester, 1977). A safe medication process and use are two essential principles that contribute

Major Oil Isssues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Major Oil Isssues - Essay Example However the supply of crude oil in the international market has been rigid. This creates the pressure on the prices of the oil. This fundamental theory of the international market as well as the economy of the world provides the explanation for the process or the trend of the fluctuation in the price of crude oil. Within the period 2004 - 2006 the capacity of the production of the global oil had not been able to keep in pace with its demand that had been increasing rapidly. The demand for oil had been on an increase more for the emerging economies of the continent of Asia, China, and also the United States of America. The demands for oil have an increase of 1.4 million barrels per day for the year 2005 as compared to 2.7 million barrels per day increase in 2004. This increased demand of oil had been accompanied by a continuous increase in the price of the same. According to the market specialists the price of oil is expected to remain jumpy and almost volatile. Moreover the price of this particular resource is expected to face a continuous rise rather than decrease. There is a high probability that the price will remain above the expected mean value of the price. (Krichene, 2006, pp 3- 4: Gautier, 2008, p 110) However predictions about the persisting trend of oil price vary among scholars. In the words of Xu, Chen and Han the main obstacle that arises in the prediction of the price of the crude oil is uncertainty. The various models along with the methods for computation that are present help to forecast the price trend in literatures. However most of the methods have not been able to predict the existing and the future variability of the prices of crude oil in the most effective way. For the betterment of the methods of computing the variations in the price econometricians have made several attempts and they have suggested different methods that are suitable for measuring and predicting the volatility. (Huynh, 2008, p 353) The paper aims at studying the expect ed trend of the oil price in the recent future with special emphasis to Australia. Peak Oil Phenomenon and Discussions around the World The past century had experienced a major growth of population but lesser instances of food shortages. The material requirements of the people had also surged. All this was achieved due to the growth of production of oil. The immense growth of oil production hugely benefited the food productions, wiped out the occurrence of famines, and made other daily human activities simpler (Hall & Day, 2009). The huge oil production made oil cheaper and the civilization moved forward based on oil-based energies. However, this also led to a huge depletion of oil reserves and ecologists predict that Peak Oil is not far away. Peak Oil is a phenomenon by which the global oil production will reach its highest stage and then it will start to fall at a very fast rate (Cork, 2010). M King Hubbert, a geologist working with Shell predicted a bell like life span of petrole um production in United States in 1956. According to Colin Campbell, the peak of discovering new fields had reached during the 1960s. He gives a fair assessment of the situation. According to him, the peak depends on the discovery of new fields, which has slowly decelerated, and the extraction rate of oils, which depends on the nature of the reservoir (Campbell, 2002). Presently the world consumes about four times the oil that is

Describe How Income Flows Into The Organisation Where You Work Nursing Essay

Describe How Income Flows Into The Organisation Where You Work Nursing Essay Cash inflow, as defined by Brideau (2004) is the measurement of the movement of cash into the organization, usually generated from operating, investing and financing activities. The components of cash flow must be visible on a planner so that it will be easily understood exactly what occur. Without cautious monitoring of the cash flow, the organization may not have the profit realization as they scheduled it (Donaldson Gerard, 2005). Hence, by having the knowledge of how income flows into ones organization is vital. So, corrective actions can be done to prevent incidents that may run the organization into economic failure. The current clinical setting where I work in is conveniently located at the annex block of Mount Elizabeth hospital. The unit consists of 24 beds, involving a team of 32 healthcare workers, ranging from doctors, nurses, pharmacists and laboratory technicians. Our center is mainly specialized in haematological disorders such as anaemia, leukaemia, thalasemmia and so on. Majority of our patients are those who required blood transfusion, Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) and chemotherapy. Primarily, the core income will be coming from the consultation fees generated by our team of haematologists. Beside consultation fees, procedural fees commonly involved are BMA, intra-thecal chemotherapy and insertion of Central Venous Catheter (CVC). On the nursing part, services provided for patients normally include blood taking, blood transfusion, performing dressing to CVC site and giving injections to post chemotherapy patients to boost their immunity. Furthermore, our clinic is involved in the blood donation drive and counselling is mandatory for both the donors and recipients. All the above mentioned services delivered would drive income into our department. Currently, the nurses have the authority to recommend some of the topical skin moisturiser for patients undergoing chemotherapy, who will usually encounter dry skin conditions. Hence, this will further increase the income flow into the department. A built in laboratory and a pharmacy are also available in our clinic, which provide blood test services and dispensing of medicines respectively. External funding and donations from other organisations also constitute part of the income flow into our department. In general, our revenue is generated through a variety of means, along with billable patient services, investments and donations to the organization. Specific unit-based revenue is generated through billing for services such as invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, physical therapy and so on. Revenues are also arising through the provision of multiple services overtime, such as hourly rates for chemotherapy administration or blood transfusion. Hence, nurses need to be informed and partner with the management team to generate revenue and control expenses in relation to patient care (McCue et al, 2003). Ultimately, these are the ranges of services available in the clinic that will be involved in the generating of income flow. 2. Critically evaluate the steps you would take when reviewing the skill mix in your own clinical setting. Discuss how you might balance the financial implications of your actions? The challenge in healthcare is to ensure that quality of care and the calibre of the staffs are not comprised in this ever-changing, cost-controlled environment. Many healthcare organizations are looking into skill mix (SM) as a potential solution to healthcare service delivery problem. As stated by Adam et al (2003), SK is the percentage of registered nurses (RNs) to other direct care staffs such as enrolled nurses (ENs) and SM plays a critical role in improving organization effectiveness and the quality of care. So what is the specific role of the RNs and ENs based on my current clinical setting? These questions need to be answered prior to the reviewing of the skill mix in the clinical setting. Serrano Slunecka (2006) stated that, the RNs are responsible for patient assessment, diagnosis, care planning and evaluation, whereas, the ENs are trained to perform bed-side duties such as bathing, feeding, toileting and ambulating patients. In my current setting, our main issue is inadequate staffing due to inappropriate SM. As evidenced by Gillies (2003), insufficient staff is the most common contributing factor causing negligent of patients, thus, leading to poor quality of care. Hence, significant steps must be taken to efficiently establish a staffing pattern, a plan that articulates how many and what kind of staffs are required per shift to staff a unit of department (McCue et al, 2003). We must first examine the following factors and take into consideration that a novice nurse takes longer to accomplish the same task than an experienced one. The acuity of patients, the capabilities of the staffs, the complexity of the nursing task, the amount of supervision a RN will be able to provide and the number of available staffs assigned to accomplish the unit workload are the key points when reviewing SM in a clinical setting (Adam et al, 2003). For illustration, in an intensive care unit, the RNs skill mix will be much higher than in a nursing home where the skills of RNs are required to much lesser degree. Lastly, Hall et al (2004) stated that cost is associated with the nature of SM. In developing a staffing pattern that leads to a budget, it is important to benchmark against other organization with similar patients population. It is important to note that RNs hours of care are more costly than those of lesser skilled workers, hence, it is important to evaluate the patient care required and who can perform necessary functions (Hall et al, 2004). Allocating ENs appropriately and freeing RNs from uncalled for duties can assist in cost control. As evidenced by Rothberg et al (2005), it is cheaper to have ENs to perform supportive care than to have RNs to perform them. Therefore, SM is accountable for the distribution and consumption of resources. It is essential that nurses need to be informed and collaborate with the management team so that appropriates decisions can be made regarding cost-effective practices (McCue et al, 2003). The key is to have the right number and skill level of caregiver available to ensure safe, effective and appropriate care. 3. Develop a system which would enable you to audit your staffing expenditure on a monthly basis. Give a detailed critical discussion of your rationale underpinning your system. Table 1: Budgeting and spending of an individual staff Spending: Pay/wages Shift allowance Meal allowance Medical entitlement Total Spend/budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Spend/Budget Staff Nurse (1 year experience) $1500/$1500 $100/$100 $15/$22 $130/$350 $1745/$1972 Staff Nurse II (2 year experience) Senior Staff Nurse (5 year experience) $1700/$1700 $2300/$2300 $150/$150 $180/$180 $28/$28 $20/$30 $200/$600 $1320/$1200 $2078/$2478 $3820/$3710 Enrolled Nurse (1 year experience) Enrolled Nurse II (2 year experience) $1200/$1200 $ 1450/$1450 $75/$75 $125/$125 $15/$15 $28/$23 $110/$250 $250/$300 $1400/$1540 $1878/$1898 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Staff A $2970 $2800 $2900 $2700 $2890 $2700 $2900 $3000 $2700 $2830 $2790 $6800 Staff B $2900 $2910 $2900 $2780 $2810 $2700 $2800 $2780 $2730 $2700 $2890 $6500 Staff C $2550 $2500 $2520 $2300 $2600 $2650 $2400 $2600 $2420 $2520 $2490 $6000 Staff D $2570 $2500 $2400 $2450 $2500 $2420 $2400 $2450 $2430 $2530 $2340 $6100 Table 2 (12 month wages) Late for work Medical leave Patient compliments Staff A 0 1 0 Staff B 1 1 0 Staff C 15 0 1 Staff D 6 2 1 Table 3 (monthly audit for staff) Staffing expenditure (SE) generally accounts for the expenses associated with labours. According to Brambleby (2005), healthcare services are very labour intensive and it is estimated that salary and benefits accounts for 50% to 60% of an organization cost. As defined by Payne Keep (2004), staffing expenditure is determined by identifying the expenses of every staffs in the organization. SE is commonly broken down into monthly basic salary, staff benefits, allowances and lastly, annual increment and bonus. Besides the above listed, it is compulsory for every organization in Singapore to contribute 13% of total gross income to Central Provident Fund. In an organization, the first most common expense is the basic salary of every individual staff. However, the amount of salary a particular staff will be eligible to depend on their individual experience. Medical fees entitlement, staff allowances and benefits would include meal allowances and shift allowances, which would fluctuate every month within an individual pending on numbers of working years. Whereas, annual bonus and increment will depends on individual performance. Looking at Table 1, it keeps a record on the spending and budgeting of an individual staff based on their wages, meal allowance, shift allowance, medical fees and the total wages draw by the individual staff in the month of January. As for Table 2, in this table showed the collection data of the total wages each individual staff draw from January to December over a period of 12 month. Zooming in at the month of December in Table 2, all the staffs are drawing a higher wages as compare to all the other month. This is the amount of the annual bonus given to the individual staff. According to Kanji (2004), staff performance can be benchmarked by the number of utilized medical leave, the number of compliments from patients and the punctuality of the employees. By keeping a record of staff performance, it will reduce instance of bogus sickness, hence increase work productivity and increased job satisfaction of staffs (Murray Frenk, 2004). The system ensures that expenses are kept within the budgeted amount, revenue generated is consistent with projected productivity and standards and necessary corrective actions are carried out. You are required to give a detailed discussion how you would audit non-staff expenditure on a monthly basis in your clinical setting. What reasonable cost effective strategy would you implement in order to maintain best practice? _______________________________________________________ Jan Feb Mar Out Balance Out Balance Out Balance Gauze 100 150 90 180 130 100 Glove 20 40 20 50 35 20 Syringes 300 200 320 200 350 150 Needles 190 200 210 220 250 200 Dressing set 50 100 30 120 70 100 Alcohol swab 30 30 32 20 35 15 Figure 1 Jan Feb March Budget Spent Budget Spent Budget Spent New equipment $5000 $3000 $5000 $5500 $5000 $2000 Equipment Maintainers $1000 $800 $1000 $500 $1000 $500 Laundry $500 $300 $500 $600 $500 $550 Utility Bills $5000 $4500 $5000 $3500 $5000 $5000 Stationary $1000 $900 $1000 $500 $1000 $700 Figure 2 As stated by Payne Keep (2004), non-staff expenditure can be subdivided into direct expenses and indirect expenses. Direct expenses are associated with the patients, such as medical and surgical supplies and drugs. Whereas, indirect expenses are expenses for items such as utilities, comprising of gas, electricity, maintenance and support functions. Referring to Table 1, it displayed the number of consumables being utilized and its balance stock in a month. This stock inventory system is being performed on a monthly basis. On top of that, a First in first out system is being imposed, meaning those with the nearest expiry items should be placed at the outer shelf and to be used first. All these system will help to monitor the amount of usage of the items, preventing the wastage of unnecessary items which resulted from overstock or under-stock. Hence, by saving resources, it will enhance cost-effectiveness. While searching for a supplier, key points to look for will be an item of good quality and with the lowest cost. By exploring new products with vendor representatives and networks with colleagues, discussing the quality and cost differences of supplies with other staffs and management, who had tried both new and modified products, cost wastage can be reduced. Usually, bulk ordering will take place for frequently used consumables, thus, saving cost. Budget monitoring is generally carried out on a monthly basis, to ensure that revenue generated is consistent with projected productivity and standards. Staffs are encouraged to discuss the implementation or reinforcement of strategies that can positively affect the budget. For example, they should learn to plan for supplies needed for every patient encounter and consciously eliminate unnecessary items. Typically, budgets are monitored monthly because if deficiencies arise throughout the year, financial improvement plans can be instituted early. Corrective action is often initiated to prevent long-term effects in a particular area, such as wastage or loss of supply items. Therefore, by acquiring a working knowledge of how a department monitors financial and quality indicators, and participate in the development of actions is vital (McCue, 2003). It helps to increase patients satisfaction or to create the best patient experience. All these strategies act as a tool to foster collaboration with an organization because individuals must work together to achieve cost-effectiveness by utilizing consumables appropriately. You are required to describe in detail essential information which would enable you to successfully manage your staff and non-staff budget. From your information, what do you consider to be key issues in terms of successful management? An effective management encompassed the ability to develop a budgeting plan that would provide the necessary for staffs and effective nursing care. Only through effective planning can a balanced relationship between quality services and cost of services begin to be achieved. As Donaldson Gerard (2005) had stated, budgeting is an ongoing activity in which revenues and expenses care managed to maintain responsibility and health. A basic management plan through which all expenditures and revenues from all sources maybe projected and controlled is critical, so that excellent and cost-effective healthcare services can be delivered. Certain elements are necessary to establish an effective budgeting system. Firstly, according to Mitton Donaldson (2004), commitment to strategic planning is a basic requirement, where well-defined and objectives are developed. The budget should be an outcome of discussions at all levels and departments within the company related to priority setting in accordance with the companys goal, acknowledgement of achievements, responses to new demands and looking beyond the time frame of the ensuing year. Secondly, effective organizational structure and chart, presenting with clear and direct lines of authority is essential. As supported by Dixon (2005), it is only when authority is clearly defined, than an individual can be held responsible for the activities of the department. Hence, major objectives of the budget can be more easily accomplished. For example, the manager has the responsibility and accountability for managing the nursing budget; they are required to make all the decision on adjusting the nursing budget to manage the program and cost. This will include adding and removing programs, expanding and controlling the program and modification of revenues and expenses within the nursing department. Lastly, an uniform budget reporting system is required, so as to facilitate program monitoring and aids in strategic planning, ensuring that plan is updated by periodically and allowing the evaluation of the progress of the organization. An important factor is ensuring that the time period within which a service development must be achieved, the projected budget is able to balance against the complexity and defining area of scale of change required and the existing resources envelope (Fine, 2006). Overall, the process of setting and monitoring budgets should be an important part of both the planning and performance management cycle. It should always be remembered that within the resource package are included staff (clinical and non-clinical), equipments and building as well as money. An essential part of management planning process is to assess the ability of current resources to be used in new and different ways to meet changing needs and to increase the productivity of existing resources, while acquiring new resources (Murray Frenk 2000). By having a well-conceived budget in place, it is possible to foresee the results of quality standard of care; best practice in the organization.

The Donner Party :: essays research papers

DAVID McCULLOUGH, Host: Good evening and welcome to The American Experience. I'm David McCullough. At the start of spring in the year 1846 an appealing advertisement appeared in the Springfield, Illinois, Gazette. ''Westward ho,'' it declared. ''Who wants to go to California without costing them anything? As many as eight young men of good character who can drive an ox team will be accommodated. Come, boys, you can have as much land as you want without costing you anything.'' The notice was signed G. Donner, George Donner, leader of what was to become the most famous of all the hundreds of wagon trains to start for the far west, the tragic, now nearly mythic Donner Party. For years Western scholars and novelists have been drawn to the story, yet until now there has been no documentary. Ric Burns's film is a first. Westward ho, indeed. If ever there was a moment when America seemed in the grip of some great, out-of-the-ordinary pull, it was in 1846. The whole mood was for movement, expansion, and the whole direction was westward. It was in 1846 that the Mormons set out on their trek to the Great Salt Lake. It was in 1846 that the Mexican war began and effectively all of Texas, Mexico and California were added to the United States. And it wasn't just young men who answered the call. Whole families and people of all stations in life joined the caravan, which is part of the fascination of our haunting story. One is struck, for example, by how many women there were in the Donner party and how many of them survived the horrific ordeal they met. Imagine packing up an entire household, saying good-bye to all you've known and setting off to walk essentially to walk to California, a continent away, little knowing what was in store. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: ''It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor Americans pursue prosperity. Ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it. They cleave to the things of this world as if assured that they will never die, and yet rush to snatch any that comes within their reach as if they expected to stop living before they had relished them. Death steps in, in the end, and stops them before they have grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes them.

How to Get Top Ranking for Website

How to Get Top Ranking for Website with the Help of Classifieds? There are alternative ways to promote your product or advertisement of your any need. It doesnt matter whether or not you wish to sell any specific product or you want to buy something. Medium of ads are like radio, TV, paper, magazines, classified sits, etc. however out of that classified sites are the most effective medium to post your ads.Blessings of classified sites are, you can post ads anywhere, anytime and in free price, with content as much as you wish, even you can add pictures, videos too. There are some additional advantages of such classified ads you will get relatively different medium of advertising. even though these classified sites are capable to provide great outcomes to your services, still you wish to understand a way to use them to get the traffic to your services.First of all you need to find out the various classified websites available on-line, out of them make a list of reputed classified sites . you will realize lot of on-line classified websites but solely few of them are exceptionally sensible. you can understand such ebsites awesomeness by checking that these site should be with good navigation, as well as whatever you're going to find there, it should be found in less than two clicks. These sites are having classified options, so anyone will realize related search as soon as possible.These are some hints from that you'll simply verify the classified web site to post free classified ads of your product and services. Once you have got selected the classified sites to post ads you need to understand how to use classified ads for excellent results. 1. Heading of your newspaper advertisement should be nique, interesting, and important, related to your product or services ad so people will not only visit but additionally enquire for your product. 2.Whenever people visit your ad and once you get enquiries, you need to add details about them in info so whenever you have some special offers regarding to your websites you can follow them. 3. Content that you're using for describing your product, it should be distinctive, top quality and specific. 4. Even you can images and videos to explain your ad ex. in case of car selling you post totally different pictures of your car so onsumers will get plan of your ad well.These are some necessary and common tips that facilitate to push your business ad In order to form your business more successful with commercials you'll post your ads through Indiaaclick. com. Indiaaclick is one in all the favored free classifieds in India that helps to boost your business. Indiaaclick classifieds is developed on the basis of SEO techniques thus it helps to extend web site traffic as result you will get high customers for your business. How to Get Top Ranking for Website with the Help of Classifieds By classifiedlac

World oil supply essays

World oil supply essays Oil, one of the most precious commodities of the mechanized age, is available in limited quantities as it is an irreplaceable resource. Not only does oil run the United States and hundreds of other countries around the world, but it also is a vital element of the global economic system. Without the trade and drilling for oil, economic growth and prosperity would be an overbearing task. Crude oil prices as well as refined oil products are volatile and have risen by over 25% in 2004 alone and the latest rises are causing worries in importing countries about the economic cost of higher energy prices. Major oil exporters are divided between countries such as Saudi Arabia (the largest oil exporting country in the world) and Kuwait, who favor of lifting output in an attempt to ease price, and countries like Venezuela which argues against conciliatory moves toward big consumers (mainly the United States). From an economic vantage point, there are many factors that create price instabil ity for the trading nations of oil. One cause of the rising price is the increasing (rightward shift) of demand in the oil market. Global economic expansion is driving the biggest increase in oil demand in 16 years. Blossoming economic powerhouses like China rapidly expand their economy and create a huge demand boom. US demand has increased as well because of strengthening economic recovery and the strengthened economy translates into a need for a higher grade of cure oil for the large numbers of Sport Utility Vehicles and other large cars and trucks. As a result of the increased demand, suppliers do not have enough significant reserves of oil to release and trade in the market. As a result, a shortage is created. The shortage forces consumers (countries) to pay a higher price while producers (exporting countries) demand a higher price in order to bring the oil on to the market. Oil is a highly inelastic good. This means that the ...

Berjaya Corporation Berhad Essay Essays

Berjaya Corporation Berhad Essay Essays Berjaya Corporation Berhad Essay Essay Berjaya Corporation Berhad Essay Essay 1. 0 Introduction A concern that seeks to run candidly. considers people and the environment when doing concern determinations. and tries to do a positive part to the local community and to wider society Berjaya Corporation Berhad is an investing keeping company and is engaged in the proviso of direction services. Berjaya Corporation group of companies is founded by Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun when he acquired a major commanding interest Berjaya Industrial Berhad in the twelvemonth of 1984. It is originally known as Berjaya Kawat Berhad and now known as Reka Pacifiic Berhad. In October 1988. Berjaya Group became the keeping company of Reka Pacific Berhad. The chief activities of the subordinates consist of Consumer Marketing. Direct Selling A ; Retail ; Financial Services ; Hotels. Resorts. Vacation Timeshare A ; Recreation Development ; Property Investment and Development ; Gaming A ; Lottery Management ; Development of Sanitary Landfill. Environvental Services and clean Technology Investment ; Food A ; Beverage ; and Investment Holding ( appendix 1 ) . Hence. due to their schemes construction. it has made them successful until today. At Berjaya Corporation group of companies. they believe that being a societal responsible company can convey a balance between profitableness and communities they operate. Due to their concern. Berjaya companies about in touch with society day-to-day demands. Therefore. Berjaya ever encourage their staff to take portion in the Group’s Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) activities. Over the old ages. Berjaya Corporation had planned many charity undertakings. fund-raising events and contributions as a societal committedness towards the society. 2. 0 Current Practices2. 1 Community To control the escalation of strays in Malaysia. Berjaya Corporation Berhad organized a charity concert and conducted by Berjaya Youth to raise financess for the about RM115. 000 for the sterilisation of 1. 000 reclaimed animate beings. Besides that. Berjaya Youth had collaborated with Paws Animal Welfare Society ( PAWS ) to establish its Mobile Animal Clinic at Berjaya Times Square ( appendix 2 ) . Better Malaysia Foundation. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan ‘s personal foundation. had donated the nomadic animate being clinic that deserving RM220. 000 to make consciousness on the importance of altering and fixing of animate beings to control the escalation of strays in Malaysia. The nomadic animate being clinic features a well-equipped scrutiny room that can administrate inoculation and execute sterilisation on animate beings safely. Besides that. Berjaya Corporation has partnered with PAWS Animal Welfare Society to construct a cattery edifice that can supply infinite for 300 cats. This cattery is to better the life conditions of homeless cat boulder clay they get adopted. With this cattery. Berjaya Corporation want to make consciousness for people to follow a cat alternatively of purchasing. This is a good intelligence for PAWS as PAWS is deficit of infinite and limited financess to take attention those abandoned cats and Canis familiariss ( appendix 3 ) . Disabilities are ever one of the groups that need community to give support. On 14 June 2014. Berjaya Corporation Berhad donated RM200. 000 to the Life Prostheses Centre ( â€Å"LFL† ) located in the Bandar Utama Buddhist Society’s edifice in Petaling Jaya. Selangor. The Centre is the first and lone prosthetic devices workshop in Malaysia that provide free prosthetic limbs to hapless and less fortunate Malaysia ( appendix 4 ) . However. the cost of doing a limbs is non inexpensive. each cost estimated between RM3. 000 to RM5. 000. With the part of RM200. 000. it will enable the Centre to acquire 40 to 70 prosthetic limbs depending on the type and degree of amputation. Following. Berjaya Cares Foundation contributed 10 units of dialysis machines deserving RM450. 000 to the National Kidney Foundation of Malaysia ( appendix 5 ) . Since the constitution of this foundation. Berjaya Corporation have neer failed to back up them. Berjaya Corporation Berhad has raised financess for National Kidney Foundation through one-year Kenny Roasters Chicken Run event for 2 old ages and through contribution boxes placed in 7-Eleven mercantile establishments. Last twelvemonth. they get to put up a one-stop information hub for all affairs related to kidney and kidney attention. 2. 2 Employees Employees of Berjaya Corporation had their precedence in the company. Berjaya Corporation ever give their employees good quality in their workplace to do certain their employees can concentrate in their calling development. Besides that. employees are invariably encouraged to take part in preparation and development programmes which relevant to their occupation field. so they can better their productiveness and develop skill sets. Furthermore. Berjaya Cares Foundation on a regular basis organizes talk about wellness. safety consciousness and other subjects such as personal development to their staff ( appendix 6 ) . while the Sports Toto Fitness Centre with full completed secondary school equipment and installations is set up to promote their staff to exert on a regular basis and keep a healthy life style. Besides that. Berjaya Cares Foundation had set up a Staff Welfare Fund to pull off and supplement fiscal assistance to their employees and their household member whenever they need help in unwellness. natural catastrophe and decease. This is a really good benefit to go their staff. 2. 3 Environment A group of 17 Sports Toto voluntaries went to Kuala Selangor Nature Park to works Rhizophora mangle trees. Mangrove trees are really good in C soaking up and act as natural inundation keeping â€Å"sponge† to keep heavy rainfall which can forestall inundation. Next. Mangrove trees help to keep deposits along riversides to safeguard coastline eroding and cut down pollution to coral reefs and marine life and besides supply genteelness and nursery evidences. They had planted 100 mangrove saplings ( appendix 7 ) . Other than Sports Toto. Berjaya Hotel A ; Resorts conducted a undertaking of three twenty-four hours Tioman Island Clean-Up Day with over 100 participants including staff. media and kids from Sekolah Kebangsaan Tekek. Tioman. This activity can educate people about the importance of coral reefs to the ecosystems. There are a sum of 121 reef-destroying Crown of Thorns were removed during the dive clean-up ( appendix 8 ) . They besides clean up the beach with given handheld plastic bags. The consequence of cleaning up the beach is 15 bags of cast-off plastic litters. paper wastes. drink tins and bottles that weighing over 300kg. 2. 4 Sports Toto In Malaysia. gaming is illegal as Malaysia is a Moslem state and bulk of the population is Muslim. However. Berjaya Corporation Berhad insists of get downing up the gaming concern to the state and it is known as Sports Toto. Sports Toto Malaysia was incorporated by Malaysia Government in 1969. Then it is privatized in 1985. Today. Sports Toto is owned subordinate of Berjaya Sports Toto Berhad and listed on the chief market of Bursa Malaysia. Sports Toto is a nothing amount game that accumulates the money and distributes to the victors and at the same clip. derive net income from it. When people are winning the game. there will ever a batch of also-rans. There are also-rans more than victors. 2. 5 Conflict of the Board As we know. the current president and Chief Executive Officer ( â€Å"CEO† ) of Berjaya Corporation is Dato’ Robin Tan Yeong Ching. the eldest boy of Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun was the old president and CEO of Berjaya Corporation and now he is the major stockholder of Berjaya Corporation. Dato’ Robin Tan Yeong Ching was subsequently appointed as the Chief Executive Officer ( â€Å"CEO† ) of the Company on 1 January 2011 and later as the Chairman/CEO of the Company on 23 February 2012. CEO and Chairman shouldn’t be the same individual because this will be struggle. 3. 0 Rank about the company3. 1 Employees Employee is the most concern for Berjaya Corporate Berhad because employees are company’s best plus. As Boudreau and Ramstad ( 2007 ) nowadays: â€Å"Whether it is called â€Å"people. † â€Å"labor. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"intellectual capital. † â€Å"human capital. † â€Å"human resources. † â€Å"talent. † or some other term. there beginning that lies within employees and how they are organized is progressively recognized every bit critical to strategic success and competitory advantage. Without employees. Berjaya Corporate could non be success like today. Berjaya Corporation Berhad is the Top 30 Best Companies to work in Malaysia and today Berjaya Corporation Berhad has a sum of 17. 000 employees strength. Berjaya Corporation has assorted industries such as nutrient and drink. automotive. hotel and resorts and more. Hence. employee takes an of import function in the company as they are anchor of the company and they are the 1 who services the clients. Therefore. company demand to handle their employee nicely as the manner you treat your employees is the manner they will handle your clients ( Branson. 2014 ) . Harmonizing to the Maslow Hierarchy Needs ( Abraham Maslow. 1943 ) . there are five classs of human demands such as basic demands. safety demands. belonging demands. regard and self-actualization demands. These five demands separated to high and low classs. However. company should seek to carry through the low demands for their employee. Although is non a company’s responsible to carry through all the employees demands. employees will go trueness to the company one time the company can carry through their demands. Employees who The hierarchy of demands theory is relevant to this survey as the theory is applicable to organisational orientation and employee motive ( Greenberg A ; Baron. 2003 ) . First of all. employees work to carry through their basic demands in their life. They will merely work for company when there are sensible salary sum for them. Therefore. Berjaya Corporation will give their employee fillip. inducement and even lucky draw during Berjaya Founder’s Day. Following. safety needs is a really of import demand towards the employees particularly for some occupation that will take hazard. Berjaya Corporation had ever conduct healthy talk or organic structure cheque to their employees. so they know how to take care their organic structure. Other than that. belonging demands is really of import to an employee. Employee who feels they belong to the company. they normally will set a great trade of attempt into their day-to-day undertakings. 3. 2 Community Community is the 2nd concern of Berjaya Corporation. they have planned many charity events and contributions towards the community. Every twelvemonth. they will hold an event called as Berjaya Founder’s Day. Berjaya Founder’s Day is an one-year matter dedicated to give back to society. This twenty-four hours. they will lift up a fund from the attempts of staff and patron signifier banker. providers and friends of Berjaya. The first Berjaya Founder’s Day was conducted on 26 February 2011 and acquire RM6. 6 million contributions for 30 donees. Next. the 2nd Berjaya Founder’s Day acquire a entire sum of RM11. 6 million for 61 charitable organisations. The 3rd Berjaya Founder’s Day on 23 February 2013 contributed RM20. 2 million to 74 charitable organisations. while the latest Berjaya Founder’s Day on 22 February 2014 has collected RM25. 6 million to 90 charitable organisations. From supra. we can see that every twelvemonth of the sum and figure of charitable organisation are increasing. This shows that presents society a batch of people need aid from a large company like Berjaya Corporation come out to back up them. These charitable organisations include those that support community. instruction. heath causes. international human-centered assistance. local executing humanistic disciplines every bit good as environmental consciousness and carnal causes. Harmonizing to instrumental theories from Garriga and Mele’s ( 2004 ) . Berjaya Corporation is concentrating on accomplishing economic aims through societal activities. Through societal activities. this can maximise shareholders’ value and is a scheme for competitory advantage. Timess have changed. There are more than 8. 000 companies around the universe usage corporation societal duty in their concern. Because corporate societal responsible is a manner for companies to profit them while besides profiting the society. It is a win-win state of affairs. Harmonizing to a informations released by Net Impact. the not-for-profit that aims to assist concerns advance sustainability. 65 % of MBAs surveyed say they want to do a societal or environmental difference through their occupations ( [ electronic mail protected ]/*. 2014 ) . When a large company can give back to the community. it will be the most inspiring parts of corporate life. It shows that the company takes attention of the society and it is an ethical company. This helps company to acquire good repute from the society. 3. 3 Environment Environment is the 3rd concern of Berjaya Corporation. Berjaya Corporation is a diversified company that will ab initio act upon the environment from their undertakings. When they are get downing up a mill in a rural country. Berjaya Corporation will hold to travel through the procedure of deforestation. Cuting off the trees will decidedly given a negative impact to the environment such as landslide due to the destroyed on the bing mechanical root construction in the country. However. as an ethical concern. Berjaya Corporation will take up the duty to better the environment by forming an awareness event. For case. mangrove trees seting for environmental preservation were held on 19 April 2011 with the group of Toto Sports voluntary in Kuala Selangor. Total of 100 Rhizophora mangle trees are planted. The resource of our planet is limited and unsustainability is stated in the theory of Environmental Ethical motives ( Paul W. Taylor. 1986 ) . Furthermore. Berjaya Corporation has besides incorporated â€Å"Go Green† plan in their concern to avoid wastage and spread the consciousness towards their client. For illustration. utilize green merchandises for take away nutrient and drink such as Starbucks Reusable Tumbler and Kenny Rogers Roasters I-Care Box. This shows how Berjaya Corporation cares about the environment. In add-on. Berjaya Corporation chooses to collaborate with local providers to utilize less paper work and besides give concern to them. In add-on. Berjaya Corporation ships their merchandises by sea instead than airfeirght. 3. 4 Sports Toto Sports Toto is a subordinates company of Berjaya Corporation. Sports Toto is really popular among Malayan and it is the largest figure of prognosis operator in Malaysia as it has more than 670 mercantile establishments in Malaysia. Over the old ages. Sports Toto has been made many corporate societal responsible such as charity. community athleticss. instruction and cultural publicity. It is a responsible corporate citizen but besides a unhealthy games for Malaysia particularly Malaysia is a Moslem state. It is unjust when merely the Chinese and Indian can purchase Toto tickets while the Malay is non allow to buy. Malaysian called it â€Å"buy a hope† when they place their stakes. Therefore. everyday there are a batch of Malayan spend money on purchasing toto tickets. Some of them even use their money like H2O to buy to seek to win the expansive award. But Sports Toto is the lone 1 that â€Å"winning big† . However. people with small money are ever attracted to purchase because it gives them the feeling of winning and the sum of the awards is excessively great for them. In drumhead. bet oning industry is harmful for persons and society. However. it is the greatest felicity for the greatest figure. stated by the utilitarianism theory of Jeremy Bentham ( 1987 ) . Jeremy Bentham said that it does non count on the action but the consequence. If the consequence happens to be good and non harmful to others. it is consider as ethical. Therefore. the Sports TOTO game do helps on certain people on their fiscal issue. Sports TOTO creates hope for people to go on last without fiscal troubles. 3. 5 Conflict of the Board In Berjaya Corporation. the CEO and Chairman place is taken by the same individual who is Dato’ Robin Tan. It is unethical to make so because it shows no equity towards the employee. This is egoism ethical because they merely manus over the place towards to their household alternatively foreigners. Chairman and CEO have different functions in the company. if this two functions combined together will make an built-in struggle of involvement. The Chairman of the Board of a company is the main representative of the stockholders. The Chief executive officer of the company is the leader of the directors. The occupation of the president is to look after the stockholders. His chief occupation is to fire the incompetent directors that are non qualified or command 1s that overreach. Chairman should besides look for workers that are possible plenty to assist company earn net income. While the CEO’s occupation is to pull off. study to the board that set the policies and precedences based on the shareholders’ wished and demands such as higher income. high wages policy or fillip. Besides that. he should look out for the involvements. wage or excess allowance of directors. If president was the same individual. he will fundamentally describing to himself. This shows that Chairman and CEO had two different and conflicting functions. Where this might convey struggle of involvement arises. 4. 0 Recommendation Berjaya Corporation Berhad should promote more green activities alternatively of replanting the trees or cleaning the beach. They should carry on green activities in all of his company and Subordinates Company together as this will be effectual towards the society. They can besides garner different thoughts and salvage up unneeded costs. It can besides convey a good image to their employees or other company will follow their stairss. Besides that. Sports Toto should halt convince consumers that purchasing toto tickets is a good wont through advertizement. this may take people to pass a batch of money on toto tickets and stop up going hapless. Next. Berjaya Corporation should let every employees to go to the wellness talk. non merely the little sum because this may do employee experience unjust and do non experience they belong to the company. Last. Berjaya Corporation should acquire two people to in charge place of CEO and besides president as this two places will hold struggle if taken by the same individual. 5. 0 Decision Berjaya Corporation Berhad is really good in their CSR which makes them different from other company. CSR can besides convey benefits in footings of hazard direction to company such as cost nest eggs. entree to capital. client relationships. human resource direction. and invention capacity. CSR can besides do company outstanding comparison to company that did non make CSR. Harmonizing to the European Commission. company with more responsible concern can further more growing. Hence. CSR is really of import for a company particularly public listed company like Berjaya Corporation. However. Berjaya Corporation non to merely concentrate on CSR but besides take attention of their primary stakeholders such as stockholder and client by carry through their demands and wants. 6. 0 MentionBentham. J. ( 1987 ) . An debut to the rules of ethical motives and statute law. In J. S. Mill and J. Bentham. Utilitarianism and Other Essays. Harmandsworth: Penguin. Berjaya. com. ( 2014 ) . Berjaya Corporation Berhad. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. berjaya. com/corporate-profile. hypertext markup language [ Accessed 29 Nov. 2014 ] . BOUDREAU. J. W. – RAMSTAD. P. M. : Beyond HR. Boston. Harvard Business School Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4221-0415-6 Branson. R. ( 2014 ) . The manner you treat your employees†¦ – Virgin. com. [ on-line ] Virgin. com. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. virgin. com/richard-branson/the-way-you-treat-your-employees [ Accessed 28 Nov. 2014 ] . Fisher. J. ( 2004 ) Social Responsibility and Ethical motives: Clarifying the Concepts. Journal of Business Ethics 52: 391-400. Greenberg. J. . and Baron. R. A. ( 2003 ) . Behavior in Organizations:Understanding and Pull offing the Human Side of Work. Englewood Cliffs. New jersey: Apprentice [ electronic mail protected ]/*. ( 2014 ) . From Fringe to Mainstream: Companies Integrate CSR Initiatives into Everyday Business – [ electronic mail protected ]/*[ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //knowledge. Wharton. upenn. edu/article/from-fringe-to-mainstream-companies-integrate-csr-initiatives-into-everyday-business/ [ Accessed 27 Nov. 2014 ] . Maslow. A. H. ( 1954 ) . Motivation and Personality: New york: Harpist Taylor. Paul W. ( 2010 ) . â€Å"Egalitarian Biocentrism† . In Keller. David R. Environmental Ethical motives: The Big Questions. John Wiley A ; Sons. 7. 0 AppendixAppendix 1: Berjaya Corporate Structure Appendix 2: Animal Mobile Clinic Appendix 3: New place for stateless cat Appendix 4: Free prosthetic limbs to hapless Appendix 5: Donate 10 units of dialysis machines to the National Kidney Foundation of Malaysia Appendix 6: Health talk to employees Appendix 7: Sports Toto voluntaries works Rhizophora mangle trees Appendix 8: Tioman Island Clean-Up Day

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